Writing.
A writer's nightmare. It's very, very easy to do them wrong. And yeah, I did struggle, and still do.
The site Grammarbook seems to be pretty good. But sites can go down, and there are some exceptions, so...
Links
As my explanations and interpretations are most likely wrong, let's start with some links: a collection of links to other, writing related sites which have a lot to say about commas... and other things.
Rules
The majority of this is from Grammarbook, but I would suggest to have a good look at the Chicago Manual of Style, if you can afford it.
Rule 0.
Remember: no matter what a rule says, sometimes it needs to be broken.
Isn't it good to know grammar n*z*s can be wrong now and again? 😅
Rule 0a. If adding a comma could cause misinterpretation, then leave it out
Rule 0b. If removing a comma could cause misinterpretation, then leave it in
Rule 0c. If your artistic expression requires it, do what you like
Just be prepared for some backlash 😂
Remember: no matter what a rule says, sometimes it needs to be broken.
Isn't it good to know grammar n*z*s can be wrong now and again? 😅
Rule 0a. If adding a comma could cause misinterpretation, then leave it out
Rule 0b. If removing a comma could cause misinterpretation, then leave it in
Rule 0c. If your artistic expression requires it, do what you like
Just be prepared for some backlash 😂
Rule 0d. Don't trust Grammarly (the software) or any other tool blindly
Grammarly helps, but it's sometimes a bit overenthusiastic when it comes to commas. Use it as an indication, but you decide if the suggestions are right or not.
Update. Grammarly has an interesting post on their blog regarding commas. You'll find it here, and it does help somewhat. I'll try to blend their explanation with that of Grammarbook, and perhaps zoom in on the use of 'and', 'but', 'if', 'because' and similar words, because they keep confusing me...
Rule 0e
This one isn't from Grammarbook. But in 99% of the comma cases dependent versus independent clauses saved my bacon.
- I drank my milk, and I ate my sandwich.
The above is a sentence with two independent clauses, this it gets a comma. We can split it up into:
- I drank my milk.
- I ate my sandwich.
The sentence below we can't split into two independent sentences. The second half is a dependent clause, so it doesn't get a comma.
- I drank my milk and ate my sandwich.
Rule 1. Use commas to separate words and word groups in a simple series of three or more items
Note: When the last comma in a series comes before 'and' or 'or' (after daughter-in-law in the above example), it is known as the Oxford comma. Most newspapers and magazines drop the Oxford comma in a simple series, apparently feeling it's unnecessary. However, omission of the Oxford comma can sometimes lead to misunderstandings.
Adding a comma after crackers makes it clear that cheese and crackers represents one dish. In cases like this, clarity demands the Oxford comma.
Fiction and nonfiction books generally prefer the Oxford comma. Writers must decide Oxford or no Oxford and not switch back and forth, except when omitting the Oxford comma could cause confusion as in the cheese and crackers example.
Rule 2. Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the order of the adjectives is interchangeable
We could also say healthy, strong man.
We would not say summer expensive resort, so no comma.
Another way to determine if a comma is needed is to mentally put and between the two adjectives. If the result still makes sense, add the comma. In the examples above, a strong and healthy man makes sense, but an expensive and summer resort does not.
Rule 3a. Many inexperienced writers run two independent clauses together by using a comma instead of a period
This results in the dreaded run-on sentence or, more technically, a comma splice.
There are several simple remedies:
Rule 3b. In sentences where two independent clauses are joined by connectors such as and, or, but, etc., put a comma at the end of the first clause
- Example: My estate goes to my husband, son, daughter-in-law, and nephew.
Note: When the last comma in a series comes before 'and' or 'or' (after daughter-in-law in the above example), it is known as the Oxford comma. Most newspapers and magazines drop the Oxford comma in a simple series, apparently feeling it's unnecessary. However, omission of the Oxford comma can sometimes lead to misunderstandings.
- Example: We had coffee, cheese and crackers and grapes.
Adding a comma after crackers makes it clear that cheese and crackers represents one dish. In cases like this, clarity demands the Oxford comma.
- We had coffee, cheese and crackers, and grapes.
Fiction and nonfiction books generally prefer the Oxford comma. Writers must decide Oxford or no Oxford and not switch back and forth, except when omitting the Oxford comma could cause confusion as in the cheese and crackers example.
Rule 2. Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the order of the adjectives is interchangeable
- Example: He is a strong, healthy man.
We could also say healthy, strong man.
- Example: We stayed at an expensive summer resort.
We would not say summer expensive resort, so no comma.
Another way to determine if a comma is needed is to mentally put and between the two adjectives. If the result still makes sense, add the comma. In the examples above, a strong and healthy man makes sense, but an expensive and summer resort does not.
Rule 3a. Many inexperienced writers run two independent clauses together by using a comma instead of a period
This results in the dreaded run-on sentence or, more technically, a comma splice.
- Incorrect: He walked all the way home, he shut the door.
There are several simple remedies:
- Correct: He walked all the way home. He shut the door.
- Correct: After he walked all the way home, he shut the door.
- Correct: He walked all the way home, and he shut the door.
Rule 3b. In sentences where two independent clauses are joined by connectors such as and, or, but, etc., put a comma at the end of the first clause
- Incorrect: He walked all the way home and he shut the door.
- Correct: He walked all the way home, and he shut the door.
Some writers omit the comma if the clauses are both quite short:
- Example: I paint and he writes.
Update. Let's add another example. You use a comma when joining two independent clauses (ie. two complete sentences that could stand on their own), you don't use a comma it if the second clause is dependent.
- Correct: Sam tossed the ball and watched the dog chase it.
- Incorrect: Sam tossed the ball, and watched the dog chase it.
- Correct: Sam tossed the ball, and he watched the dog chase it.
There's an exception though... it's okay to leave the comma out if the two independent clauses are very short and closely connected.
- Correct: Arthur cooked and Melvin cleaned.
- Correct: Arthur cooked, and Melvin cleaned.
Note to non-native speakers: In Dutch, and several other languages, you can 'chain events' using the word 'en' (the Dutch counterpart to 'and') and that indicates a chain of events. Some English purists frown on the usage of 'and' that way and prefer 'then', even though you'll run into that kind of phrasing in many a novel, and many native speakers will tell you that in these cases 'and' and 'then' are interchangeable. This drive me nuts, because I'm unable to tell who's right and who's wrong.
Note that in the example above there is a sequence of events, as Sam tosses the ball, and then the dog chases it. And it appears no one is botherd by it, so... don't feel forced to replace any occurences of 'and' with 'then' 😁 Use what works best.
See also:
See rule 4a when you start a sentence with a dependent clause.
- Example: He thought quickly but still did not answer correctly.
But sometimes a comma in this situation is necessary to avoid confusion.
- Confusing: I saw that she was busy and prepared to leave.
- Clearer with comma: I saw that she was busy, and prepared to leave.
Without a comma, the reader is liable to think that "she" was the one who was prepared to leave.
Rule 4a. When starting a sentence with a dependent clause, use a comma after it
- Example: If you are not sure about this, let me know now.
Follow the same policy with introductory phrases.
- Example: Having finally arrived in town, we went shopping.
However, if the introductory phrase is clear and brief (three or four words), the comma is optional.
- Example: When in town we go shopping.
But always add a comma if it would avoid confusion.
- Example: Last Sunday, evening classes were canceled. (The comma prevents a misreading.)
When an introductory phrase begins with a preposition, a comma may not be necessary even if the phrase contains more than three or four words.
- Example: Into the sparkling crystal ball he gazed.
If such a phrase contains more than one preposition, a comma may be used unless a verb immediately follows the phrase.
- Between your house on Main Street and my house on Grand Avenue, the mayor's mansion stands proudly.
- Between your house on Main Street and my house on Grand Avenue is the mayor's mansion.
Rule 4b. A comma is usually unnecessary when the sentence starts with an independent clause followed by a dependent clause
- Example: Let me know now if you are not sure about this.
Rule 5. Use commas to set off nonessential words, clauses, and phrases (see Who, That, Which, Rule 2b)
- Incorrect: Jill who is my sister shut the door.
- Correct: Jill, who is my sister, shut the door.
- Incorrect: The man knowing it was late hurried home.
- Correct: The man, knowing it was late, hurried home.
In the preceding examples, note the comma after sister and late. Nonessential words, clauses, and phrases that occur midsentence must be enclosed by commas. The closing comma is called an appositive comma. Many writers forget to add this important comma. Following are two instances of the need for an appositive comma with one or more nouns.
- Incorrect: My best friend, Joe arrived.
- Correct: My best friend, Joe, arrived.
- Incorrect: The three items, a book, a pen, and paper were on the table.
- Correct: The three items, a book, a pen, and paper, were on the table.
Rule 6. If something or someone is sufficiently identified, the description that follows is considered nonessential and should be surrounded by commas
- Freddy, who has a limp, was in an auto accident.
If we already know which Freddy is meant, the description is not essential.
- The boy who has a limp was in an auto accident.
We do not know which boy is meant without further description; therefore, no commas are used.
This leads to a persistent problem. Look at the following sentence:
- Example: My brother Bill is here.
Now, see how adding two commas changes that sentence's meaning:
- Example: My brother, Bill, is here.
Careful writers and readers understand that the first sentence means I have more than one brother. The commas in the second sentence mean that Bill is my only brother.
Why? In the first sentence, Bill is essential information: it identifies which of my two (or more) brothers I'm speaking of. This is why no commas enclose Bill.
In the second sentence, Bill is nonessential information—whom else but Bill could I mean?—hence the commas.
Comma misuse is nothing to take lightly. It can lead to a train wreck like this:
- Example: Mark Twain's book, Tom Sawyer, is a delight.
Because of the commas, that sentence states that Twain wrote only one book. In fact, he wrote more than two dozen of them.
Rule 7a. Use a comma after certain words that introduce a sentence, such as well, yes, why, hello, hey, etc.
- Why, I can't believe this!
- No, you can't have a dollar.
Rule 7b. Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt the sentence flow (nevertheless, after all, by the way, on the other hand, however, etc.)
- Example: I am, by the way, very nervous about this.
Rule 8. Use commas to set off the name, nickname, term of endearment, or title of a person directly addressed.
- Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me?
- Yes, old friend, I will.
- Good day, Captain.
Rule 9. Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year, and—what most people forget!—always put one after the year, also
- Example: It was in the Sun's June 5, 2003, edition.
No comma is necessary for just the month and year.
- Example: It was in a June 2003 article.
Rule 10. Use a comma to separate a city from its state, and remember to put one after the state, also
- Example: I'm from the Akron, Ohio, area.
Rule 11. Traditionally, if a person's name is followed by Sr. or Jr., a comma follows the last name: Martin Luther King, Jr. This comma is no longer considered mandatory
However, if a comma does precede Sr. or Jr., another comma must follow the entire name when it appears midsentence.
- Correct: Al Mooney Sr. is here.
- Correct: Al Mooney, Sr., is here.
- Incorrect: Al Mooney, Sr. is here.
Rule 12. Similarly, use commas to enclose degrees or titles used with names
- Example: Al Mooney, M.D., is here.
Rule 13a. Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations
- He said, "I don't care."
- "Why," I asked, "don't you care?"
This rule is optional with one-word quotations.
- Example: He said "Stop."
Rule 13b. If the quotation comes before he said, she wrote, they reported, Dana insisted, or a similar attribution, end the quoted material with a comma, even if it is only one word
- "I don't care," he said.
- "Stop," he said.
Rule 13c. If a quotation functions as a subject or object in a sentence, it might not need a comma
- Is "I don't care" all you can say to me?
- Saying "Stop the car" was a mistake.
Rule 13d. If a quoted question ends in midsentence, the question mark replaces a comma
- Example: "Will you still be my friend?" she asked.
Rule 14. Use a comma to separate a statement from a question
- Example: I can go, can't I?
Rule 15. Use a comma to separate contrasting parts of a sentence
- Example: That is my money, not yours.
Rule 16a. Use a comma before and after certain introductory words or terms, such as namely, that is, i.e., e.g., and for instance, when they are followed by a series of items
- Example: You may be required to bring many items, e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.
Rule 16b. A comma should precede the term etc. Many authorities also recommend a comma after etc. when it is placed midsentence
- Example: Sleeping bags, pans, warm clothing, etc., are in the tent.
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